●Overview of the Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is the monthly hormonal cycle a woman’s body undergoes to prepare for pregnancy. It is counted from the first day of one period to the first day of the next and typically lasts between 21 to 35 days.

●Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is divided into four main phases:

Menstrual Phase (Days 1-5): This is when the lining of the uterus is shed if pregnancy doesn't occur, causing menstrual bleeding. Normal bleeding can last 2 to 7 days.

Follicular Phase (Days 1-13): Overlaps with the menstrual phase but continues as the body prepares for ovulation. The pituitary gland releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which helps the ovaries develop a follicle containing an egg.

Ovulation Phase (Day 14): This phase occurs around the middle of the cycle. The luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers the release of the mature egg from the ovary.

Luteal Phase (Days 15-28): After ovulation, the body prepares for potential pregnancy. Progesterone levels rise to support the uterine lining. If fertilization doesn't happen, hormone levels drop, leading to the start of the next menstrual period.

●Common Menstrual Changes

It’s normal to experience some changes throughout the menstrual cycle:

Cramps: Mild to moderate abdominal cramps are normal during menstruation, but severe pain may indicate an underlying issue like endometriosis.

Changes in Flow: Periods can be light, moderate, or heavy. A sudden change in flow, especially extreme heaviness, may need medical evaluation.

Cycle Length Variations: Stress, weight changes, and hormonal imbalances can cause cycle lengths to fluctuate. Regular cycles between 21-35 days are typically normal.

● What is Normal?

Cycle Regularity: Regular cycles with slight monthly variations are common.

Flow Characteristics: A typical period ranges from light spotting to moderate or heavy flow. Losing 30-60ml of blood over 2 to 7 days is average.

Symptoms: Breast tenderness, mood changes, bloating, and fatigue are common PMS symptoms but should not disrupt daily life severely.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Seek medical advice if:

Periods stop for more than 3 months (excluding pregnancy)

Extremely heavy or prolonged bleeding occurs (soaking through a pad every hour).

Severe or debilitating cramps.

Unexplained changes in the cycle, such as irregular periods or spotting between periods.